Youth Drug Abuse Hong Kong

Y push throughh dose Ab utilization Hong KongY divulgeh problem is a wide-ranged and intertwined nonp argonil among the favorable problems. With the development of teaching technology and economics, the teenagers argon go about with much temptations than the older generations of their age, in other words, they have more choices for fun, analogous online games, Japanese cartoon and animation books and magazines, everyday updated fashionable accessories, hi-tech products and some(prenominal)thing gouge knead the unsalted generation feel like in the trend. However, out of some groundss, they ar pr ane to be addicted with the novelties and then hive off from their normal life, such as the internet addiction, alcohol pervert, dose ridicule and so on. Some of those early daysfulness problems atomic number 18 independent, but more or less of them atomic number 18 relevant and tail elicit each other. Quite recent, I watched a documentary film named the Crimson Jade t elling a story about a drug abuse teachgirl, which arouse me to dig more about the teenaged drug abuse group. Thus, in this paper, I particularly choose the youth drug abuse problem as the g all overnment issue.Drug abuse is regarded as a serious teenager problem in Hong Kong. The age of the individuals who is the maiden sequence pickings drug is younger than olden since 2007, the describe drug abuser infra 21 increased by 34 pctage within 3 years (Qing shao nian du pin pilar cyst ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao zhai yao, 2008) In the year of 2007, almost all reported young drug abuser (99 percent) once took the mentally damaging drugs, only 2 percent of them took the traditional drugs (mainly the heroin), and there were 80.2 percent of young abuser took the ketamine for the most part (Qing shao nian du pin wen ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao zhai yao, 2008).The developing traits of the Hong Kong teenagers drug abuse1) the age of abusers tends to be younger as time goes on 2) increasing females become the drug abusers (Luan, 2010), the drug addictive female under 21 increased by 25 percent than the same distance in the counterbalance half year of 2008. 3% of youth are slowly tend to be involved in drug relations and/or smuggling.The definition of the youth drug abuseAccording to the definition of deviant behavior, the drug abuse is one of forms of that. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the nitty-gritty of former first. After reviewing the textbook, it pot be illustrated that the deviance involves the activities do non compliant with the fond norms and are unreached the expectations of members from a specific monastic order (Haralambos, 2008). Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviors that mollycoddle cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of complaisant norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and norms). It is the take in of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatris ts, and criminologists to study how these norms are created, how they change over time and how they are implement (Wikipedia, 2010). It do-nothing be illustrated that the crime, delinquency, different kinds of addictions are the forms of the deviant behaviors, and the drug abuse is one of the addictions. In terms of the definition of youth drug abuse, the Ameri bottom of the inning Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), no longish regarded drug abuse as a current medical diagnosis. Instead, DSM has take substance abuse (Wikipedia, 2010) as a blanket term to plow drug abuse and other things. In my view, I think back the youth drug abuse is young lot who have their internal problems (mental and carnal) and forged by the external factors from their peers, families, neighhoods, and social trend and culture, are resulting in passive emotion, thereby tending to transfer or shirking the negative emotion temporarily through taking drug s without tackling the concrete problems. Additionally, agree to Elises lecture, it was told that the alcohol abuse too belong to the drug abuse, for the alcohol is one of the chemicals can induce the mentally active abnormal syndrome. But in this paper, it mainly narrows down the topic to the usual understanding of the drugs like ketamine, heroin and marijuana etc.The temper and origin of youth drug abuseThe micro level1) unmarried factor partial reasons are personality and the developmental physical perish of the young drug abuse. The former is instinctively from the military position of the psychology, such as sensation or novelty desireing, inhibition and antisocial traits. The community who are inclined to be the drug abuser showed several personality deficits in common 1) behavioral problem. 2) Emotional obsession. 3) Low self-esteem. 4) Low resistance to obstacles.5) Swaying will(Yang, 2008).the last mentioned is physiology, for adolescence is the spiritual rebirth from child to teenagers whose physical functions are developing under flux, thusly some deficit of the body might be aroused during that time (Luan, 2010). Analyses of many studies have cogitate that genes influence 40 to 50 percent of the variation in antisocial behaviors with a population, and 60 to 65 percent of the variation in aggressive antisociality (Rhee Waldmam, 2002 Tackett, Krugeger, Iacono, McGue, 2005). Owing to the research of Coleman, the certain genes in some individuals can render them more prone to be the drug abusers (2009).In addition, Laura deemed that the addiction is a disease in the brain that can statement of it (2008).The mezzo level1) Family factors the family integrity (whether the teenage lives with single parent or non), the communication pattern of the family members etc., especially the wanting(p) of monitoring of a teenagers social affinity and whereabouts, regarded as the most influential predictor of the drug use of that age (Chilcoat and Anthony, 1996 Williams and Hine, 2002).Further more, the parents ac jockeyledgement and the cognition on the drugs can not tint the developmental understanding of their childrens. There were 30 percent of interviewed parents did not know or could not be sure about whether their children had taken drugs or not (Ming Pao, 2009). It is the fact that parents are lacking the basic companionship on updated drug-taking development in youth hence they are not that sharp and alert to the slight symptoms or unusual behaviors of their children, and their care for the children might arrogate in the inappropriate place.2) Peer factors except the parenting influence, the peer group is the sources of affection, sympathy, understanding, deterrent example guidance, a place for experimentation, a setting for achieving autonomy and independence from parents (Papalia, 2009). Adolescence is the transition stage of an individual, from which an individual gradually starts to live more independent a nd employ more time with peers. Therefore, the peers or friends choosing for the youth play a important role in accepting influence from the people they hang out with. Some negative peer pressure might breed from the action among the association, for instance, a negative role model in a face pack takes drugs and also escape the punishment from law might encourage his or her friends to try the drug, for complicated combination of the fluke mind and peer pressure, the suspension member of the clique probably might imitate the negative one. From 2008 to the first half year of 2010, according to statistics results from the Narcotics Division, Security Bureau of Hong Kong, there was over 60 percent respondent to choose the Influenced by the peers, I wish to fit in the peers group as the initial reason wherefore they take the drugs for straight years(ND, 2010). Additionally, young people are inclined to those whose are similar to themselves in school achievement, adjustment, and p rosocial or antisocial tendencies (Collins et al., 2000 B. B. Brown et al., 1993).3) instill and community risk factors Friedman took the view that the teenagers who had hapless academic mathematical operation and/or behavioral problems are prone to substance abuse at a high risk (Friedman, Bransfield, Kreisher, 1994). A strict disciplinary school can possibly restrict teenagers from the latent influence of the other factors. At school teachers evaluate students basically towards their academic performance instead of well-rounded position out limited human resources and effective and applicable methods. Students who have poor performance academically might be looked upon as the deviants and bad students at school.In my point of view, the school the whereabouts those students who have poor academic performance are labeled as the bad ones. Because self-concepts of individuals are more often than not stemmed from the responses of others, and they will tend to indentify themselve s with that certain label (Haralambos, 2008) some young people are just potentially deviant once labeled as the concrete deviant, which will possibly trigger them go through off the potential tendency into reality as well as the behaviors are spill to be reinforced. From the perspective of labeling theory, Becker thought that the deviant behaviors resulted from those who had designer could define others and exploit them label sticker. Here it can be seen that the school is the party with power who seems can be the judge, meanwhile, the students are compelled to receive the inappropriate judgment, which is unfair and ill-considered. As for Lemert the other advocator of the theory, he deemed that there were the primary deviation and the supplementary deviation that publically labeled. But the former effected very microscopical to whom were labeled for the first time, which means, it is slightly potential to elicit the universe first labeled ones to do something deviant. Only th e latter was the determinant cause for the concrete deviant to happen. If some students with poor academic performance receive the negatively labeling comments (they can be regarded as the negative punishment) again and again, there is no doubt that the self-identities are questioned and the potential deviant tendency will be possibly triggered.In terms of community, the living circumstance of teenagers is quite important. The handiness to the drugs of the neighborhoods and the degree of awareness of forbidden drugs are the influential factors for the teenagers. I think the influences can be good or not, it can be imagined that if the young people with drug abusive tendency live in positively active neighborhoods, the possibility for them of transforming into the drug abuser is still quite low, therefore neighborhoods can play the vital roles as the positive reinforcement for the possible deviant behavior of the youth.The macro level1) Culture and social factors from the perspectiv e of Marxism, it is acknowledged that the economic foundation decides the superstructure. Hong Kong is a world class world(a) city with rapid speed life tempo, no matter which grimace is in the first class of the world. Hong Kong people can have the most updated electronic products, the comic books, and the so-called leisure style like taking some drugs, which are pretty attractive for the young people to give it a try. The teenagers of that age are easy to do something deviant impulsively and over-esteemed to think they can control themselves, which lead them to deem that taking drugs is not a big deal. The misconception of leisure modes in these entertainment pickle media is potential to have deteriorative effects on the moral conscience of the young people.In addition, all kind forms of mass media like the TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, especially the barrier-free internet function create infinite accessibilities for the juveniles to the violence and pornography that are exactly one of the sources giving the chance to the youth to imitate the negative side of the valet de chambre consciously or subconsciously, like instigating peers to try the drugs or even being the drug dealers. In the light of the exploratory study by Yung Lai fong, she concluded that the adverse influence of the un kempt representations on newspapers/movies/VCDs was great. The comic books/magazines on stir and violence, in particular, appeared to have the most damaging effects on the healthy development of young people (Yung, L, Edith, 1998). There is no doubt that the mass media does have the far-reaching and perpetuating impacts on the development of the young people intellectually and morally, and on their attitudes and perspectives towards self and others as well.In conclusion, the three levels analysis for the origin and nature of the youth drug abuse are reciprocal to each other, one factor can not bring about the consequence of youth drug abuse recursively. The factors of different levels are considered as the social institutions, and they interact and have mutual impact to each other, in the specific condition, can turn the drug abusive tendency into reality.Intervention from different levelsIn my opinion, the social worker can be compared to the agent that is functioning as the bridge between the client and the other social institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to amply tap the functions of the agent to bridge well connections among those social institutions.From the macro level, in campus and off campus, social workers can promote and popularize the essential knowledge on drugs and its damage as well as the negative influences to abusers and their families, peers and the society. Especially, the mission can bring the advantages of mass media into full play by cooperating with them, and its social workers can held some activities in order to disseminate the general ideas on disadvantages and the irreversible damages to the youth, and inci te the appropriate way to report some pop stars who take drugs and favorable in teenagers but not advocate it as a novel lifestyles.E.gIn the mezzo and micro levels, social workers and the agency can filter down the target group, and then take to the woods for out the relevant intervention plans. When carrying out the intervention, social workers should be stark naked about the slight changes of the high risky youth, and the possible behavioral characteristics them are as follows 1) Borrowing money from friends more often. 2) The abuser is looked dispirited and low-energy, sometimes having unusual excitements and meaninglessness behavior. 3) The abuser immediately turns to be depressive after behaving happily and talkatively (00).In terms of the specific approach, the social workers can adopt the CBT-MBT (cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Motivational Therapy), according to previous experience, CBT-MBT has been evaluated primarily in effects of young people abusing marijuana, 10 out of 12 randomized clinical trails have back up the effectiveness of the approach, with the effects persisting for as long as 30 months after treatment (Waldron, Turner,2008).The social workers can also refer to pragmatic skills during a ten-session CBT 1) refusing offers to use drugs 2) expanding the young persons networks 3) avoiding high-risk drug use situations 4) managing evoke 5) communicating with parents and peers 6) dealing with depressed mood 7) coping with craving (Scharffer, Chang, Henggeler, 2008). In my point of view, among those skills, the social workers should carry them out logically and progressively according to different situations and the major inducement of taking drugs of clients. For example, given that the clients are easily prone to be influenced by peers and less decisive, he or she took drugs largely because his or her so-called friends did. In consideration of this, firstly, the social worker can concentrate on the teaching the skill of refusing o ffers to use drugs secondly, it is crucial to suffer out the behind reasons through skillful counseling. Maybe the client feels lacking the support from family or can not be understood by others etc. which possibly contribute to different solutions and methods to deal with clients situation.During the counseling process, finding the strength (Hepworth, 2009) of the client is especially important for social workers to make it a part of the intervention. It is the essential solution that encouraging the clients to believe in themselves in order to enhance the self-strength efficiency during the process. The social worker can countenance the client to set short term goal and long run goal for the sake of strengthening the self-esteem of the client. When the goals are settled, the social can also put forward the monitoring plan including the weekly group meeting and self-monitoring on the behalf of the client. In all, it is practical to evoke the positive sides of the clients like dowery and taking care of others, the pursuit of life goal, the capacity of anti-stress and meet the challenges.Parents are the key to the successful intervention. For the social worker, they can hold the shop class, panel handling and keep in tough with parents. Because of lacking daily communication and fundamental interaction with the children, most young drug abusers parents did not realize the changes of their children. The social workers held the workshop in order to create more opportunities for enhancing the interaction between those parents and children via synergistic games and role-playing of using the videotapes to model positive and negative parent-child interaction, discussion etc. (Scharffer, Henggeler,2008).If the social worker finds the drug abuse /addiction case or is assured by the other parties, such as teachers, students and community members, it is necessary to make the referral in order to help the abuser efficiently and timely. After the rehabilitation, t he case still requires to be followed in the long run, for there is usually existing the recrudesce of drug addiction in the following months.Information disputation The cognition conducts the behavior, in the aspect of diversified intervention methods, that is to say, what kind of the perspectives towards the matters decides the information inclination. Showing the mass media materials like videotapes and newspapers can provide vivid examples of the physical and mental disadvantages and damages to the clients.TheoriesLabeling theorySocial scholarship theoryJulian fundament moved away from theories based on psychosis and behaviorism, and developed a learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954), Rotter suggests that the effect of behavior has an impact on the motivation of people to ask in that specific behavior. This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by these environmental factors or stimulus, and not psychological factors alone.A lbert Bandura (1977) expanded on Rotters idea, as well as earlier work by Miller Dollard (1941), and is related to to social learning theories of Vygotsky and Lave. Social learning suggests a combination of environmental (social) and psychological factors influence behaviors. This theory incorporates aspects of behavioral and cognitive learning. Behavioral learning assumes that peoples environment (surroundings) cause people to behave in certain ways. Cognitive learning presumes that psychological factors are important for influencing how one behaves.Push-pull Theory derived function Association theoryEvidences/ supports of the youth substance abuserPeer influence is the major cause of youth drug abuseAccording to the survey in 2004, it reported that the commonest drug suppliers were the peers of the teenagers with 51.8 percent, and there were only 10.4 percent by drug dealers and 8.2 percent to 10.8 percent by parents, family members and relatives respectively.When the young dr ug abusers encounter some problems or troubles they tend to seek for help from those who provided the drugs to them as their first choice rather than the parents, teachers and social workers. One interesting founding in the 2004 survey was that psychoactive substance abusers would rather to get help from their close friends first (26.8percent ) than seek help from parents first with 11.8 percent and seek help from social workers counted to 9.3 percent.The reason for first try of drugs Knowledge deficit, misconceptions of substance use, academic problems, family problems and poor relationship with parents and peers have also driven them to have their first try (The 2004 great deal of Drug Use among Students, 2005 Boys, Marsden, Strang, 2001).