Education Essays Deaf Students Education

fostering Essays desensitise Students teaching in assorted(p) Students EducationDeaf Students and Higher EducationEasier Access to Higher Education for Deaf Students An Interdisciplinary InterpretationIntroductionThere is a gritty tension placed on soaringer breeding in the joined States today. numerous jobs require future employees to fox a college degree before they go forth even consider the appli stoolt. Colleges and universities freighter be very demanding and rough for whatever individual to attend, and hoi polloi with any handicap sack find themselves in a situation that is almost impossible to finish.Deaf pupils that wish to delineate their dream of achieving a college degree find themselves in a gnarly situation, non all by the demands of college demeanor, but overly be event of the lack of friend they receive from these facilities. Deaf students that pursue higher(prenominal) fosterage should have easier irritate to higher educational opportunities, allowing them to obtain better control over their futures.College degrees argon not easily secured by most individuals. The success of the person has numerous outside influences, such as, social standing, educational level when the person enters college, and suffice from the college itself. Approximately 70% of the 123,000 desensitise(p) students enrolled in 2,300 colleges across the United States forget not persist until outset (Smith, 2005, p 1).The cause of this high account must be considered by galore(postnominal) different facts as wellspring as different disciplines. Is the educational level of desensitise students lacking in some way that causes them not to be empathizey for inform afterwards secondary schools? Are the colleges / universities table serviceing in everyway so these students can achieve their goals? Does smart set treat these students less prodigious that listening students? To in force(p)y translate this multifaceted materialisation, much than one discipline pauperisms to be looked at because one discipline will not lead to a resolution, olibanum an interdisciplinary interpretation must be use (Repko, 2005).Many disciplines could function explain the cause for so more indifferent(p) students not arrive at college graduation. Biology could explain set backs indifferent(p) children face, such as, were they born desensitiseen or did they lose their hearing at an early age that cause these children difficulties in ramp upment. History could be looked at for how desensitize bulk where toughened in the past, and see if the stereotypes and stigmas that were present back then still being today. psychology should be used to help understand the deaf(p) students and their goals for their life. Sociology looks at how deaf large number atomic number 18 treated in the society they red-hot in. Education could help explain if deaf student graduate high school with the fellowship they should have learned throug hout their primary education years or if the student fell behind and still act on to high school graduation. Education, sociology, and psychology will have more of an impact on the planning that will help more deaf students achieve their goal of delveing college graduation.Education is the process that brings together the physical, cognitive, and unrestrained drives of a child to help that individual develop acknowledgeing (Nath Cohen, 2005). Sociology is the study of various groups and subgroups in a society in a society (Macionis, 2006). This discipline helps illustrate the difficulties deaf students face in the United States and will also show the pile that society has around deaf tidy sum that they interact with everyday.Psychology is the scientific study of the sagaciousness and how people behave in everyday situations (Nairne, 2006). This discipline could help understand the mind of the deaf student and the hardships they face daily. These three disciplines will br ing many different views about wherefore deaf students do not reach a college diploma. To fully understand the viewpoints and theories that be in each of these disciplines, a detailed review of literature from each of these disciplines will be examined and introduced to help fully understand this difficult issue.In order to help deaf student attain a college education, a system must be implemented that helps with the full range of worrys that deaf students face. Deaf students not only face difficulties in education but other areas in their life that hold them back so, these issues must be studied also. With the conclusions from education, sociology, and psychology a plan can be mapped out from grade school to college graduation that help deaf students succeed throughout all of their educational careers. priming coatMany deaf people do not see themselves as broken or that they need to be fixed. The oppo settle is closer to the verity. Deaf people see themselves as a subculture, a minority in society. They feel that American Sign Language is their inaugural phraseology and incline is their second language, just the same way Hispanics view Spanish (Unknown, 2007). This is sooner a different view point that many hearing people whitethorn have when they see a deaf person in their community. Most deaf people do not feel the need to be cured from deafness and embrace their deafness as their pagan identity. This must be kept in mind when studying this issue because both, the hearing community and the deaf population, have vast differences to why this problem might be happening. Keeping this point in mind we need to look at several reasons for this dilemma.Deaf students receive the same high school diploma that hearing students do, so why does the deaf population have higher rate of doze offouts than the hearing population? The typical xviii year old deaf student reads below a fourth-grade development level (Bollag, 2006). These students are being taught to read lips and with cued speech (hand movements around the babble to indicate the sound of the word being spoken) and not in American Sign Language (ASL).Teaching them to read lips and with cued speech is great to develop their face skills but these students also need the access to their native language in order to grabs the world around them. ASL exposes children to the worlds knowledge and it incorporates self-esteem and aspects of deaf culture.Mastering English gives them access to the richness of the English world, like Shakespeare and idioms (Bollag, 2006). These children seem less likely to accomplish the same school work as hearing students their age, if they must first learn to read lips or cued speech, which could take years after they champt school. This could be another(prenominal) step in implementing a way to help every deaf student succeed after they realize primary school.Accessibility to the way out content many also play a role. Under the Americans with Disabil ities guess (ADA) 1990, deaf people have the right for qualified interpreter for their classes (U.S. surgical incision of Labor, 1990). This needs a more in-depth look to see if all deaf college students are receiving this service. Qualified is loosely translated and could mean very different things to different organizations.Sign language interpreters have different levels of qualifications from state to state whence one state might be more lenient than others. This is a key to any deaf students educations and has many oppose effect if the interpreter is not highly qualified. The other question about interpreters is do they understand the course content of the classes the deaf student is enrolled in?When deaf students are taking the basic core classes most interpreters can clearly understand and convey the message of the professors. After the core curricular, more in-depth discipline classes of the major the deaf student has chosen. If the deaf student decides to major in Indus trial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, will the interpreter be able to fully understand the material and transmit that for the deaf student? This could be a very straing on both the interpret and the deaf student, which in hitch could cause the deaf student to become frustrated with the course and drop out because they do not full understand.Are colleges deaf loving? Some colleges have various programs and clubs for the student population. If only a hardly a(prenominal) select deaf people are attending one univeristy the chances that they have special programs or clubs for these students are slim. Thus the deaf person may feel that they do not belong in the college world. People are social creatures and need the feeling of belonging, if deaf people do not feel this and on the extreme side feel exclused they may not want to continue their education.Another set back maybe how society views the deaf individual. Aristotle thought that hearing was the key to learning and deaf in dividuals that were not capable of speaking thoughts were thought to be mute, with this the phase deaf and dumb arose (Hummel, 1993). This however is not the case a minute encounter with an just deaf person will definitely disprove this possible action.The sad truth is that many people today believe that this is true, and will hold on to this stereotype simply because they do not know any deaf people. There is a long history of remarkable deaf people that are not recognized by many hearing people. If this theory is false why do so many deaf people not graduate college? Society makes assumptions about every group and indeed the group is stereotyped into something that, in most cases, is not true. Is this the reason why so many fail at higher education, because they have already labeled as less levelheaded?The issues listed above show the star players in the education process for the deaf students. The cognitive ability of the deaf student must first be discovered. The educators in primary schools must be observed and taught the proper way to education deaf students. then(prenominal) the college/universities must be examined to insure that the deaf student rights and needs are being met. Society also plays a key role into the education of deaf students thus the stereotypes they hold need to be broken hatful to guarantee that the deaf students can succeed in todays educational system. If these steps are taking the deaf student should be better able to seize their goal of graduating college.This problem needs not only to be looked at by many disciplines but with many different point of views. With this problem a debate with hearing and deaf arises, what is best for deaf individuals? Should hearing people decide what is best for the deaf child or should these decisions come from adults with hearing loss that have reason about the deaf child experiences?If this dilemma is only looked at by one strict discipline or one point of view it could go unidentified by other professions and other individuals (Repko, 2005). Deaf students with dreams of higher education need an organization that helps with every aspect of they encounter throughout their educational careers.This organization needs to be design with the deaf students needs and also help educate deaf students of the governance assistance/programs required under federal laws. This predicament affects many deaf students and has vastly impactions on their life. Without an education deaf people find jobs not necessary careers. This real world problem should be considered more in the main than one discipline can cover (Repko, 2005).In order to complete this task education, sociology, and psychology need to be explored. Education should be researched first to find better ways to help deaf students at jr. ages to better prepare them for their future. Sociology should then be studied to see where the deaf students fit into society.The stereotypes of deaf people need to also be considered to inspect what needs to be altered in order for the deaf students, not to be look down on as less intelligent individuals. Psychology is the final stage of the approach because the deaf student also needs to be analyzed, in order to completely understand the full interpretation of the problem at hand. Armed with these disciplines the complete evaluation can be prepared, as a result a resolution can be achieved.Disciplinary Perspectives, Evidence, and InsightsThis section will present the most precious material for discussing the topic problem. Both secondary and peer-reviewed sources may be used in this section, but, the primary sources are the most critical for the evidence from each discipline to be presented.IntegrationThe integration for the disciplinary insights is the most significant part of the INTS paper. It is the center stage where all the actors come for the grand finale. inductionThe conclusion will be the summary and will also consult any future research ideas or pos sible outcomes or consequences.ReferencesEducationBollag, B. (2006, May, 12). The debate over deaf education. Chronicle of Higher Education, 52,Retrieved February 26, 2008, fromhttp//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3hid=104sid=dae8a160-5873-4abe-8913-e7Hummel, C. (1993).Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Prospects The quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO International Bureau of Educaion). 23, 39-51.Nath, J., Cohen, M. (2005). Becoming a middle school or high school teacher in Texas A course of study for the pedagogy and professional responsibilities (PPR) TExES.Australia Thomson Wadsworth.PsychologyNairne, J. S. (2006). Psychology The adaptive mind 4th edition. Australia ThomsonWadsworth.SociologyMacionis, J. J. (2006). Society The basics 8th edition. amphetamine Saddle River, NJ Pearson PrenticeHall.Smith, J. A. (2005). College is a challenge, but Ive got dreams and I know I can do it.Dissertation Abstracts International, A The Humanities and societal Science, 65,3 590-A.Additional SourcesRepko, A (2005). Interdisciplinary practice A student snuff it to research and writing. BostonPearson.Unknown, (2007, September 21 ). Oregons deaf and hard of hearing services Deaf culture,history and importance . Retrieved March 7, 2008, from Oregon.gov Web sitehttp//www.oregon.gov/DHS/odhhs/tadoc/deaf7.shtmlU.S. Department of Labor, (1990). The Americans with disablilties Act of 1990. RetrievedMarch 7, 2008, from Employment Standards Administration Office of federal ContractCompliance Programs Web site http//www.dol.gov/esa/regs/statutes/ofccp/ada.htm

The Internet Has Emerged English Language Essay

The profits Has Emerged face Language Es regularise over the past few years, the network has emerged as a prominent saucily engineering science. The influence of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a powerful technological apparatus has pervaded in all(a) aspects of the educational, business, and economic sectors of our founding. Regardless of iodins long- well-known(prenominal)ity with the cyberspace, it is repeatedly made reference to. News broadcasters and commercials, for example, bequeath now translate web addresses, and tied(p) the recent movie, The Net was sparked by the impact of this new technology ( mike, 1996). Regardless of whether 1 mappings the network or not, whiz must be clear about the fact that the we beat entered a new schooling age and the mesh is here to stay.Beca enjoyment the use of the mesh is widesp hear in numerous fields and domains, without a doubt, it excessively carries great latent for educational use, specifically back up and exotic oral communication education. This paper go forth accordingly focus on the following questions 1) What is the Internet? 2) How squeeze out various facets of the Internet be employ in the import and foreign wrangle classroom? 3) What atomic number 18 the benefits of employing the Internet in such a setting? 4) What argon the disadvantages or obstacles the Internet presents in a second nomenclature classroom? Lastly, the implications of victimization the Internet in second linguistic communication classrooms go forth be discussed. The Internet is the latest in a series of technological innovations for second vocabulary education. In order to discover the role of the Internet, it would be useful to provide a brief tarradiddle of technology and style t severallying, present a survey of the technological resources easy to second oral communication go outers, and, finally consider the role of the Internet and its possibilities. engine room and Foreign La nguage Education A Brief History applied science and foreign lyric education be no stranger to one another. In the sixties and seventies, row laboratories were universe installed in numerous educational settings. The traditional speech communication laboratory was comprised of a series of booths, each providing a cassette deck, and accompanying microphone and headphone. Teachers monitored their students interactions by using a central train panel. The basic premise behind this technology was that if verbal behavior was modeled, and and so reinforced, students would quickly learn the expression in question. The linguistic communication lab activities were therefore grounded in a stimulus-response behavior pattern. The to a greater extent drill coiffe the students encountered, the straighta bureau they would learn the second spoken communication. season the linguistic process laboratory was a validating step in linking technology and lyric education, it was soon recog nized that such activities were two(prenominal) tedious and boring for learners. Furthermore, the amount of student-teacher interaction was minimal, and individualized focal charge up was irrelevant. Besides the pedagogical deficiencies, the audio equipment was cumbersome and prone to breakdown, and had only one function-to disseminate auditory in range. These factors put together led to a turn to the communicative approach to second language education, namely, ready reckoner assisted language development.Micro calculators and quality tender softw ar provided yet another medium for language learning. Its potential as both a inform and learning tool are widely written about in the educational literature. At present, there are a variety of randomness processing system applications usable including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation tutors, spell checkers, electronic lapbooks, writing and reading programs, as s soundly as various authoring packages to allow instruct ors to create their own exercises to accompaniment existing language courses. In addition to the range of software getable, CALL has besides been shown to adjoin learner motivation (Blake, 1987). Chun and Brandl (1992) in addition propose that the interactive and mul mdia capabilities of the computer sterilise it an attractive teaching/learning tool. Computers plenty provide ready feedback to students and students tidy sum work at an individualized pace. Software bear be designed to allow sound, graphics, video, and animation. Moreover, information is presented in a non-linear sequence alter learners to select the exercises or concepts they wish to review. condescension the advantages and widespread use of CALL, it continues to grow from criticisms for several lands. many an(prenominal) believe that learning and practicing grammar rules of a foreign language finished fill-in-the-blank exercises, for example, does little to improve a speakers ability to produce gramma tically appropriate utterances (Armstrong Yetter-Vassot, 1994). Others point out that CALL suffers from its rigidity in empty-headed of the complexities of natural languages. For example, a program designed to provide drill practice on French verb conjugation is useful for only that and nothing else. Recently, however, we are beginning to see encouraging and promising results in the area of CALL software development. Interactive video and programs which provide more sure and communicative task-based activities are being created, which are more in line with the accredited theoretical and pedagogical views of learning.What is the Internet? bandage the computer is now utilize in some form or another in or so language classrooms, and is considered standard equipment, the Internet is also gradually being introduced in the second language classroom as teachers become more familiar with it. The Internet is a confederation of thousands of computers from various sectors of society such as education, business, government and the military. It is a network of thousands of computer networks (Lewis, 1994). Each individual remains brings something different to the whole (databases, library services, graphs, maps, electronic journals, etc), and the end result is a immense accumulation of information. It is a worldwide network of computers that interact on a standardized set of protocols which act independently of voiceicular computer operating arrangements, allowing for a variety of chafe methods to the Internet. For example, the Internet muckle be accessed from an IBM computer in a students home in Australia, or from a Macintosh computer at a school in Canada. It deal therefore be conceived of as the equivalent of a telephone outline for computers. It domiciliate be used to both exchange information through with(predicate) electronic mail, newsgroups, listservs, professional on-line discussion groups, and so forth, as well as to retrieve information on a va riety of topics through the World Wide entanglement.The Internet and Electronic MailAlthough the Internet has been available to most people, only recently have educators been existingizing the potential the Internet crapper have in second and foreign language classrooms. The following percentage will therefore consider some of these potential benefits and advantages of incorporating such technology in language courses. The Internet has been used by some language instructors in original ways one of these innovations being use of electronic mail (e-mail), a specific feature of the Internet. Overall, e-mail can bring forward students to use computers in realistic, genuine situations in order to develop communicative, and persuasion skills. email is easy to use and even teachers intimidated by computers can quickly become adept at using e-mail with their students. Furthermore, even timid or inhibited students can benefit from the meaningful interaction and communication e-mail cast offs possible. Kroonenberg (1995), for example, busy e-mail in her ESL classes at Hong Kong international School. She relates her initial experiences of working with two classes of ESL multinational students in grades 9-12, and a equal group of summer school students involving Cantonese-speaking 14 and 15 year olds. The potassium hydrogen tartrate Bulletin Board System ( electronic bulletin board) using the TELIX communications software was complete in order to allow students and teachers to send messages to each other, as well as make public entries on discussion conferences.During the initial stages, students were logged on the system and each student created a password. Students were simply asked to write freely as in a dialogue journal. Kroonenberg (1995) believes this allows students to become familiar with the system and further allows their ideas to flow. Writing on e-mail can therefore be used to generate ideas about a topic, or can alter learners to free-write w ithout any impositions. E-mail can also be used in various conference-type formats or to generate discussion. For example, Kroonenberg often provided students with topics of high interest in order to generate more writing. In fact, one student who was part of this project stated, I usually get voluminous in the BBS because the subjects are interesting and I have a lot to say about them (p. 25). Writing topics often involved school issues or issues that were at one time relevant to the students lives. In other conference assignments, students are the main audience. Students read entries and then respond to them via e-mail. This allows each student to express their opinion. In this manner, all opinions are voiced and heard, something which may not always occur in oral discussions in the classroom.Chat rooms can also be carried out through e-mail. In this situation, two or more individuals can talk on-line about various topics or issues. For instance, language learners can be paired up and can be given a debatable topic to discuss. such experiences, once again stimulate authentic communication and assist students in developing specific communication skills such as arguing, persuading, or defending a particular point. Listservs from or so the world can offer news and discussion groups in the localize language providing another source of authentic input and interaction. Cononelos and Oliva (1993) organized e-mail exchanges surrounded by entire classes of students in order to generate discussion, improve writing skills, and come on peer interaction. In this particular project, advanced level Italian students employed e-mail newsgroups to improve both their writing, as well as their intimacy of contemporary Italian society. In this manner, the teaching of culture was also facilitated through the immediate feedback and contact of L2 speakers who were interested in informing others about their culture.E-mail can also be used to communicate long-distance with l anguage learners in other schools, or other countries for that matter. A bailiwick exploring the potential of long-distance communication involving second language learners was carried out by Chang (1993). The goals of the study were to provide students with a real setting for improving their writing, help them to refine their ideas of content-area reading and functional writing across cultural boundaries, make students familiar with international telecommunications, and study with students, the potential effects of telecommunications on literacy acquisition (Davis Chang, 1994).The subjects involved in the study included undergraduate students at Taiwans National Kaohsiung pattern University (NKNU) and students at University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNCC). The 8-week teleconference began with Prompt 1 in which students were asked to write letters to one another. In addition to personal introductions, students were asked to include a focus on their previous English langu age learning experiences and the difficulties associated with this. In Prompt 2 and 3, students were asked to use their textbooks on the History of English Language to report on interesting uses of English, (ie. connotations, spelling, etc). Prompts 4 and 5 asked the learners to work with sections of specific texts to comment on pronoun and lexical use, as well as syntactic structure. In the final prompt, both groups of students collected examples of English mount and idioms used in each countrys films and music. Questions pertaining to the above were asked and responded to by students in each group.Davis and Chang (1994) point out that as writers on both sides of the world divided questions and comments, jokes began to surface. Over time, the students reading and writing began to change as well. Through surveys and daily case studies of student writing during the conference, it was found that for the most part, students writing had ameliorate in both fluency and organization. S urveys also indicated that students saw some expand over to their study literature, and that they had a better rationality of English usage. While the above examples illustrate a few uses of e-mail in the second and foreign language classroom, without a doubt e-mail can provide authentic communication and can foster awareness of both the language learner and the languages they are learning.The Internet as a Teaching and encyclopaedism ToolIn addition to the communication benefits of the Internet, the Internet can also be used to retrieve and access information. The World Wide entanglement is therefore a virtual library at ones fingertips it is a pronto available world of information for the language learner. While the Internet offers numerous benefits to the language learner, a few such possibilities are examined here, in the context of language learning.Perhaps one of the most essential pedagogical principles of language teaching is one that emphasizes the study of language in a cultural context. I, on with many other language instructors believe that language and culture are inextricable and interdependent Understanding the culture of the target language enhances understanding of the language. To this end, the Internet is a valuable resource to both language teachers and learners. As discussed previously, e-mail on the Internet allows language learners to communicate with native speakers. In this manner, the Internet facilitates the use of the specific language in an authentic setting. The Internet can also be used to acquire information from language resources for a variety of purposes. For example, students can access accepted information from countries around the world. They can obtain geographical, historical, social/cultural, economic, and political information from the countries in which the target language is spoken. Students can read web versions of daily newspapers and same-day news reports from sources such as the French Embassys gopher servi ce, the daily Revue de Press (Armstrong and Yetter-Vassot, 1994). Such experiences can allow learners to participate in the culture of the target language, which in turn can enable them to further learn how cultural solid ground influences ones view of the world.The Internet also serves as a medium for experiencing and presenting creative works. While students can peruse the information on the Net, they can also use it as a platform for their own work such as essays, poetry, or stories. Numerous public schools, for example, are making use of the World Wide Web for publishing student work which can be accessed by other web users. Students therefore become not only consumers of content, but in fact generate the content.As Mike (1996) describes, the use of the Internet has also been shown to promote higher order sentiment skills. A language teacher, for example, may instruct learners to search for specific information. meddlesome the Web requires logic skills. Once information has b een obtained, the results must be reviewed which requires scanning, discarding, and appraising(prenominal) judgment on part of the learner. The information must be put together to make a complete and coherent whole which entails the tax deduction process. Such an endeavor permits students to practice reading skills and strategies. The Internet also promotes literacy for authentic purposes, as stated previously. In addition to being a supplement to reading materials, especially current information, when students are exploring the Net, they are essentially exploring the real world. Such browsing or exploration can also forget to incidental learning as they encounter a variety of information in this way. Communication with native speakers furthers literacy development for authentic purposes, enables language learners to oppose student perspectives on an issue, and allows them to practice specific skills such as negotiating, persuading, clarify meaning, requesting information, and e ngaging in true-life, authentic discussion. Promotion of literacy also occurs within a social context. The interaction that results from the above situations can lead to cooperative projects and increase communication between students from all over the world, in turn lead story to the development of social skills. Finally, use of the Internet can promote computer skills and the technical and conceptual experiences of using a computer.Lastly, the Internet provides supplemental language activities which can provide students with additional practice in specific areas of language learning. These include reading tests and comprehension questions, grammar exercises, pronunciation exercises possible through the available multimedia capabilities, cloze tests, vocabulary exercises, and so forth. Students can search the Web for such sites, or teachers may recommend specific sites on the Web. produce lists are also available from various sources. For example, Paramskas (1993) offers a list o f sites for both language teachers and language learners, some of which relate to issues of language learning, others which use language as a medium for discussion of culture or current affairs, and others which assist in locating native speakers.The Internet ChallengesUp to this point in time, the above discussion has described some of the potential benefits of the Internet and how it can be used in the second or foreign language classroom. However, such a discussion would be incomplete without addressing the disadvantages or obstacles think to the use of the Internet in the language classroom. While the Internet and its various facets offer a great deal to the language learner, it is not without its problems. The nature of the Internet itself can be a disadvantage at times. When lines are busy due to many users, it may take time to access information or browse the Net and technical glitches themselves can lead to frustration. Lack of training and familiarity on part of the teache rs can make it difficult to follow through the Internet in the language classroom. This requires that school administrators cypher for training in this area. Foreign language teachers are especially trouble prone to computers since they often have little experience with computers. For the most part, computers in schools are used for business or computer science courses. be related to training, as well as on-line costs of using a provider are issues that may interfere with implementing such a technology in schools, especially in schools that have little funding. security review may also be a concern to language programs and instructors. The Internet offers access to all types of issues and topics, some of which are unsuitable for children, and this in itself may result in various problems. While some precautions can be taken at the present time, they are not full inference by any means. Equity issues may also present difficulties when attempting to implement such technology in the classroom. As the commercial sector begins to stomach a more prominent role in the Internets infrastructure, rural and inner-city schools, already hard-pressed to provide Internet access, may find it less affordable. This is sure discouraging for both language teachers and students in such educational settings (Mike, 1996). Many institutions such as these may also not have the computers or computing facilities necessary to implement such type of technology.Implications and ConclusionDespite these limitations and obstacles, it must be realized that the Internets educational potential is immense. Although electronic, the Internet is an entity related to literacy people still interact with it entirely through reading and writing. For this reason alone, the Internet is a technology that will, without a doubt, have significant implications for both teaching and learning. So what does this imply for language teachers and learners? Teachers must become familiar with using the Intern et and its various functions such as e-mail. They must also learn how to use specific search tools in order to access information, search for lesson plans, or material and ideas to supplement their lessons. Lastly, language teachers must learn now to transfer files from Internet sites to their own computer and vice versa. Obtaining information or literature on the Internet, either through the Net itself, through books, or by attending workshops and courses will further assist this process. To vacate facing the same difficulties or problems associated with use of the Internet, teachers can ask students to financial backing track of problems that arise during use. In essence, language teachers must take the imbibe and approach the Internet as a learning experience themselves. The more enthusiastic and more knowledgeable language teachers are, the more successfully they can implement Internet in the language classroom. For the language learner, the Internet offers a world of informa tion available to students at the touch of a button. While it must be recognized that the Internet cannot replace the language classroom or the interaction between the language teacher and student, if offers a vast amount of information and lends itself to communication possibilities that can greatly enhance the language learning experience.Certainly at this point in time, several questions need to be asked to guide future research in this area. How can use of the Internet correspond to the communicative or pedagogical goals of language teaching? How will the Internet and its related facets assist language learners in functioning in the global community? What will the real impact of the Internet in foreign language classrooms be? How can the Internet be used more effectively along side the present language political platform? While these questions have been examined to some degree, researchers and language educators must further investigate and implement this technology to provide others with guidelines in this area.Without a doubt we are in the center of a monumental technological paradigm shift, one which will eventually change the way that all instructors teach and the way students learn (Jensen, 1993). While technology should not take over the language classroom, it must be embraced in order to allow educators to do those things which they are unable to do themselves, or those which will improve what is currently being done in the classroom. As we approach the next century, it is essential that we make informed decisions about how the Internet can be successfully co-ordinated into the language classroom. If we as educators do not rise to the challenge who will?

Youth Drug Abuse Hong Kong

Y push throughh dose Ab utilization Hong KongY divulgeh problem is a wide-ranged and intertwined nonp argonil among the favorable problems. With the development of teaching technology and economics, the teenagers argon go about with much temptations than the older generations of their age, in other words, they have more choices for fun, analogous online games, Japanese cartoon and animation books and magazines, everyday updated fashionable accessories, hi-tech products and some(prenominal)thing gouge knead the unsalted generation feel like in the trend. However, out of some groundss, they ar pr ane to be addicted with the novelties and then hive off from their normal life, such as the internet addiction, alcohol pervert, dose ridicule and so on. Some of those early daysfulness problems atomic number 18 independent, but more or less of them atomic number 18 relevant and tail elicit each other. Quite recent, I watched a documentary film named the Crimson Jade t elling a story about a drug abuse teachgirl, which arouse me to dig more about the teenaged drug abuse group. Thus, in this paper, I particularly choose the youth drug abuse problem as the g all overnment issue.Drug abuse is regarded as a serious teenager problem in Hong Kong. The age of the individuals who is the maiden sequence pickings drug is younger than olden since 2007, the describe drug abuser infra 21 increased by 34 pctage within 3 years (Qing shao nian du pin pilar cyst ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao zhai yao, 2008) In the year of 2007, almost all reported young drug abuser (99 percent) once took the mentally damaging drugs, only 2 percent of them took the traditional drugs (mainly the heroin), and there were 80.2 percent of young abuser took the ketamine for the most part (Qing shao nian du pin wen ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao zhai yao, 2008).The developing traits of the Hong Kong teenagers drug abuse1) the age of abusers tends to be younger as time goes on 2) increasing females become the drug abusers (Luan, 2010), the drug addictive female under 21 increased by 25 percent than the same distance in the counterbalance half year of 2008. 3% of youth are slowly tend to be involved in drug relations and/or smuggling.The definition of the youth drug abuseAccording to the definition of deviant behavior, the drug abuse is one of forms of that. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the nitty-gritty of former first. After reviewing the textbook, it pot be illustrated that the deviance involves the activities do non compliant with the fond norms and are unreached the expectations of members from a specific monastic order (Haralambos, 2008). Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviors that mollycoddle cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of complaisant norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and norms). It is the take in of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatris ts, and criminologists to study how these norms are created, how they change over time and how they are implement (Wikipedia, 2010). It do-nothing be illustrated that the crime, delinquency, different kinds of addictions are the forms of the deviant behaviors, and the drug abuse is one of the addictions. In terms of the definition of youth drug abuse, the Ameri bottom of the inning Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), no longish regarded drug abuse as a current medical diagnosis. Instead, DSM has take substance abuse (Wikipedia, 2010) as a blanket term to plow drug abuse and other things. In my view, I think back the youth drug abuse is young lot who have their internal problems (mental and carnal) and forged by the external factors from their peers, families, neighhoods, and social trend and culture, are resulting in passive emotion, thereby tending to transfer or shirking the negative emotion temporarily through taking drug s without tackling the concrete problems. Additionally, agree to Elises lecture, it was told that the alcohol abuse too belong to the drug abuse, for the alcohol is one of the chemicals can induce the mentally active abnormal syndrome. But in this paper, it mainly narrows down the topic to the usual understanding of the drugs like ketamine, heroin and marijuana etc.The temper and origin of youth drug abuseThe micro level1) unmarried factor partial reasons are personality and the developmental physical perish of the young drug abuse. The former is instinctively from the military position of the psychology, such as sensation or novelty desireing, inhibition and antisocial traits. The community who are inclined to be the drug abuser showed several personality deficits in common 1) behavioral problem. 2) Emotional obsession. 3) Low self-esteem. 4) Low resistance to obstacles.5) Swaying will(Yang, 2008).the last mentioned is physiology, for adolescence is the spiritual rebirth from child to teenagers whose physical functions are developing under flux, thusly some deficit of the body might be aroused during that time (Luan, 2010). Analyses of many studies have cogitate that genes influence 40 to 50 percent of the variation in antisocial behaviors with a population, and 60 to 65 percent of the variation in aggressive antisociality (Rhee Waldmam, 2002 Tackett, Krugeger, Iacono, McGue, 2005). Owing to the research of Coleman, the certain genes in some individuals can render them more prone to be the drug abusers (2009).In addition, Laura deemed that the addiction is a disease in the brain that can statement of it (2008).The mezzo level1) Family factors the family integrity (whether the teenage lives with single parent or non), the communication pattern of the family members etc., especially the wanting(p) of monitoring of a teenagers social affinity and whereabouts, regarded as the most influential predictor of the drug use of that age (Chilcoat and Anthony, 1996 Williams and Hine, 2002).Further more, the parents ac jockeyledgement and the cognition on the drugs can not tint the developmental understanding of their childrens. There were 30 percent of interviewed parents did not know or could not be sure about whether their children had taken drugs or not (Ming Pao, 2009). It is the fact that parents are lacking the basic companionship on updated drug-taking development in youth hence they are not that sharp and alert to the slight symptoms or unusual behaviors of their children, and their care for the children might arrogate in the inappropriate place.2) Peer factors except the parenting influence, the peer group is the sources of affection, sympathy, understanding, deterrent example guidance, a place for experimentation, a setting for achieving autonomy and independence from parents (Papalia, 2009). Adolescence is the transition stage of an individual, from which an individual gradually starts to live more independent a nd employ more time with peers. Therefore, the peers or friends choosing for the youth play a important role in accepting influence from the people they hang out with. Some negative peer pressure might breed from the action among the association, for instance, a negative role model in a face pack takes drugs and also escape the punishment from law might encourage his or her friends to try the drug, for complicated combination of the fluke mind and peer pressure, the suspension member of the clique probably might imitate the negative one. From 2008 to the first half year of 2010, according to statistics results from the Narcotics Division, Security Bureau of Hong Kong, there was over 60 percent respondent to choose the Influenced by the peers, I wish to fit in the peers group as the initial reason wherefore they take the drugs for straight years(ND, 2010). Additionally, young people are inclined to those whose are similar to themselves in school achievement, adjustment, and p rosocial or antisocial tendencies (Collins et al., 2000 B. B. Brown et al., 1993).3) instill and community risk factors Friedman took the view that the teenagers who had hapless academic mathematical operation and/or behavioral problems are prone to substance abuse at a high risk (Friedman, Bransfield, Kreisher, 1994). A strict disciplinary school can possibly restrict teenagers from the latent influence of the other factors. At school teachers evaluate students basically towards their academic performance instead of well-rounded position out limited human resources and effective and applicable methods. Students who have poor performance academically might be looked upon as the deviants and bad students at school.In my point of view, the school the whereabouts those students who have poor academic performance are labeled as the bad ones. Because self-concepts of individuals are more often than not stemmed from the responses of others, and they will tend to indentify themselve s with that certain label (Haralambos, 2008) some young people are just potentially deviant once labeled as the concrete deviant, which will possibly trigger them go through off the potential tendency into reality as well as the behaviors are spill to be reinforced. From the perspective of labeling theory, Becker thought that the deviant behaviors resulted from those who had designer could define others and exploit them label sticker. Here it can be seen that the school is the party with power who seems can be the judge, meanwhile, the students are compelled to receive the inappropriate judgment, which is unfair and ill-considered. As for Lemert the other advocator of the theory, he deemed that there were the primary deviation and the supplementary deviation that publically labeled. But the former effected very microscopical to whom were labeled for the first time, which means, it is slightly potential to elicit the universe first labeled ones to do something deviant. Only th e latter was the determinant cause for the concrete deviant to happen. If some students with poor academic performance receive the negatively labeling comments (they can be regarded as the negative punishment) again and again, there is no doubt that the self-identities are questioned and the potential deviant tendency will be possibly triggered.In terms of community, the living circumstance of teenagers is quite important. The handiness to the drugs of the neighborhoods and the degree of awareness of forbidden drugs are the influential factors for the teenagers. I think the influences can be good or not, it can be imagined that if the young people with drug abusive tendency live in positively active neighborhoods, the possibility for them of transforming into the drug abuser is still quite low, therefore neighborhoods can play the vital roles as the positive reinforcement for the possible deviant behavior of the youth.The macro level1) Culture and social factors from the perspectiv e of Marxism, it is acknowledged that the economic foundation decides the superstructure. Hong Kong is a world class world(a) city with rapid speed life tempo, no matter which grimace is in the first class of the world. Hong Kong people can have the most updated electronic products, the comic books, and the so-called leisure style like taking some drugs, which are pretty attractive for the young people to give it a try. The teenagers of that age are easy to do something deviant impulsively and over-esteemed to think they can control themselves, which lead them to deem that taking drugs is not a big deal. The misconception of leisure modes in these entertainment pickle media is potential to have deteriorative effects on the moral conscience of the young people.In addition, all kind forms of mass media like the TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, especially the barrier-free internet function create infinite accessibilities for the juveniles to the violence and pornography that are exactly one of the sources giving the chance to the youth to imitate the negative side of the valet de chambre consciously or subconsciously, like instigating peers to try the drugs or even being the drug dealers. In the light of the exploratory study by Yung Lai fong, she concluded that the adverse influence of the un kempt representations on newspapers/movies/VCDs was great. The comic books/magazines on stir and violence, in particular, appeared to have the most damaging effects on the healthy development of young people (Yung, L, Edith, 1998). There is no doubt that the mass media does have the far-reaching and perpetuating impacts on the development of the young people intellectually and morally, and on their attitudes and perspectives towards self and others as well.In conclusion, the three levels analysis for the origin and nature of the youth drug abuse are reciprocal to each other, one factor can not bring about the consequence of youth drug abuse recursively. The factors of different levels are considered as the social institutions, and they interact and have mutual impact to each other, in the specific condition, can turn the drug abusive tendency into reality.Intervention from different levelsIn my opinion, the social worker can be compared to the agent that is functioning as the bridge between the client and the other social institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to amply tap the functions of the agent to bridge well connections among those social institutions.From the macro level, in campus and off campus, social workers can promote and popularize the essential knowledge on drugs and its damage as well as the negative influences to abusers and their families, peers and the society. Especially, the mission can bring the advantages of mass media into full play by cooperating with them, and its social workers can held some activities in order to disseminate the general ideas on disadvantages and the irreversible damages to the youth, and inci te the appropriate way to report some pop stars who take drugs and favorable in teenagers but not advocate it as a novel lifestyles.E.gIn the mezzo and micro levels, social workers and the agency can filter down the target group, and then take to the woods for out the relevant intervention plans. When carrying out the intervention, social workers should be stark naked about the slight changes of the high risky youth, and the possible behavioral characteristics them are as follows 1) Borrowing money from friends more often. 2) The abuser is looked dispirited and low-energy, sometimes having unusual excitements and meaninglessness behavior. 3) The abuser immediately turns to be depressive after behaving happily and talkatively (00).In terms of the specific approach, the social workers can adopt the CBT-MBT (cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Motivational Therapy), according to previous experience, CBT-MBT has been evaluated primarily in effects of young people abusing marijuana, 10 out of 12 randomized clinical trails have back up the effectiveness of the approach, with the effects persisting for as long as 30 months after treatment (Waldron, Turner,2008).The social workers can also refer to pragmatic skills during a ten-session CBT 1) refusing offers to use drugs 2) expanding the young persons networks 3) avoiding high-risk drug use situations 4) managing evoke 5) communicating with parents and peers 6) dealing with depressed mood 7) coping with craving (Scharffer, Chang, Henggeler, 2008). In my point of view, among those skills, the social workers should carry them out logically and progressively according to different situations and the major inducement of taking drugs of clients. For example, given that the clients are easily prone to be influenced by peers and less decisive, he or she took drugs largely because his or her so-called friends did. In consideration of this, firstly, the social worker can concentrate on the teaching the skill of refusing o ffers to use drugs secondly, it is crucial to suffer out the behind reasons through skillful counseling. Maybe the client feels lacking the support from family or can not be understood by others etc. which possibly contribute to different solutions and methods to deal with clients situation.During the counseling process, finding the strength (Hepworth, 2009) of the client is especially important for social workers to make it a part of the intervention. It is the essential solution that encouraging the clients to believe in themselves in order to enhance the self-strength efficiency during the process. The social worker can countenance the client to set short term goal and long run goal for the sake of strengthening the self-esteem of the client. When the goals are settled, the social can also put forward the monitoring plan including the weekly group meeting and self-monitoring on the behalf of the client. In all, it is practical to evoke the positive sides of the clients like dowery and taking care of others, the pursuit of life goal, the capacity of anti-stress and meet the challenges.Parents are the key to the successful intervention. For the social worker, they can hold the shop class, panel handling and keep in tough with parents. Because of lacking daily communication and fundamental interaction with the children, most young drug abusers parents did not realize the changes of their children. The social workers held the workshop in order to create more opportunities for enhancing the interaction between those parents and children via synergistic games and role-playing of using the videotapes to model positive and negative parent-child interaction, discussion etc. (Scharffer, Henggeler,2008).If the social worker finds the drug abuse /addiction case or is assured by the other parties, such as teachers, students and community members, it is necessary to make the referral in order to help the abuser efficiently and timely. After the rehabilitation, t he case still requires to be followed in the long run, for there is usually existing the recrudesce of drug addiction in the following months.Information disputation The cognition conducts the behavior, in the aspect of diversified intervention methods, that is to say, what kind of the perspectives towards the matters decides the information inclination. Showing the mass media materials like videotapes and newspapers can provide vivid examples of the physical and mental disadvantages and damages to the clients.TheoriesLabeling theorySocial scholarship theoryJulian fundament moved away from theories based on psychosis and behaviorism, and developed a learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954), Rotter suggests that the effect of behavior has an impact on the motivation of people to ask in that specific behavior. This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by these environmental factors or stimulus, and not psychological factors alone.A lbert Bandura (1977) expanded on Rotters idea, as well as earlier work by Miller Dollard (1941), and is related to to social learning theories of Vygotsky and Lave. Social learning suggests a combination of environmental (social) and psychological factors influence behaviors. This theory incorporates aspects of behavioral and cognitive learning. Behavioral learning assumes that peoples environment (surroundings) cause people to behave in certain ways. Cognitive learning presumes that psychological factors are important for influencing how one behaves.Push-pull Theory derived function Association theoryEvidences/ supports of the youth substance abuserPeer influence is the major cause of youth drug abuseAccording to the survey in 2004, it reported that the commonest drug suppliers were the peers of the teenagers with 51.8 percent, and there were only 10.4 percent by drug dealers and 8.2 percent to 10.8 percent by parents, family members and relatives respectively.When the young dr ug abusers encounter some problems or troubles they tend to seek for help from those who provided the drugs to them as their first choice rather than the parents, teachers and social workers. One interesting founding in the 2004 survey was that psychoactive substance abusers would rather to get help from their close friends first (26.8percent ) than seek help from parents first with 11.8 percent and seek help from social workers counted to 9.3 percent.The reason for first try of drugs Knowledge deficit, misconceptions of substance use, academic problems, family problems and poor relationship with parents and peers have also driven them to have their first try (The 2004 great deal of Drug Use among Students, 2005 Boys, Marsden, Strang, 2001).

The Importance Of Team Work Management Essay

The vastness Of ag assemblage Work Management EssayThe essay begins with an attempt to limit the nature of squads and meetings and considers the differences between the two. This is followed by a discussion of why team upwork is grave to contemporary organisations. After which, the conditions necessary for accomplishmentive team working is discussed draft on Tuckman (1965) model of stem phylogeny. Then a discussion of stem processes that lead to toothless teamwork are considered. Fin all(prenominal)y, the impact of technology is considered on the order of teams and the rise of virtual teams before a conclusion is made.Defining Groups and squadsA definition of a team may assume that the team has, or is working towards a green goal (Pynadeth and Tambe, 2002). A team discount be be as meetings of people embedded in organisations, perform tasks that domiciliate to achieving the organisations goals. They share overall work objectives. They urinate the necessary autho rity, self-direction and resources to achieve these objectives (West, 2004, p.18). The difference between a assort and a team is that members of a team share a common goal they are pursuing collaboratively. Moreover, they mass only succeed or fail as a whole, and the members of that team share the benefits and costs of success or failure. In contrast, the members of a (psychological) group may share a number of common features.but each has his or her own individual goals (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007, p.379).Importance of TeamworkIn a contemporary organisations, what were once competitors are in a flash collaborators, what were once outsiders are straighta focal point stakeholders, what were once stark boundaries are now fuzzy fences. Organisations have now discovered the value of collaboration, both inside and outside (Brooks, 2006, p.115).Teamwork has been linked to economical advantages, higher output, lower absenteeism and increase employee satisfaction (Steijn, 2001 Brook s, 2006 Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). It has also been shown to lead to little stressful work, reduced alienation and improved working relationships (Katzenback and Smith).Effective Team WorkingCertain conditions are necessary for effective teamwork (Buchanan and Hyczsynski, 2007). Several models of team working have been developed, however Tuckmans Model of Group Development (1965) is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most widely used (Murray et al., 2006, Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007).Tuckman (1965) model depicts four stages of group development, which represents a logical sequence of stages of group development of which every team mustiness go through in order to work as a cohesive and effective team (Tuckman, 1965 Murray et al., 2006).The first stage is forming. Forming is about orientation, socialisation and developing relationships. Discovering what is acceptable deportment, focusing on objectives. Discovering the nature and boundaries of the task, developing team beh avioursThe second stage is storming this is about confrontation and conflict and the struggle for violence and influence. At this stage the group structure shifts towards hostility and conflict, as members dribble their individuality and resistance (Murray et al., 2006, p.314). During this stage there is conflict over individuals desires to have a bun in the oven their own opinions, which often results in the polarisation of opinions (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007).The third stage is norming, in this stage groups develop a cohesive approach, whereby harmonious relations fill in conflict and disagreement. During this stage, communication be commences more than open and people are more comfortable with expressing their opinions, even off if it is different to others without fear of repercussions or thoughts of deviant behaviour (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). Members begin to develop social interactions that enhance the overall execution of the group (Murray et al., 2006).Perfor ming is the final stage of group development, in which teams are at last able to work as a cohesive unit. This is about team collaboration and the focus is on getting the task at leave set downd and reaching the shared goals of the team. By this stage, the team should have a thorough understanding of what is required of them, the problems, challenges and issues they face in reaching their goals and go away have established norms of behaviour that will ease the team in meeting its goals (Tuckman, 1965 Murray et al., 2006).The team which emerges as a result of these group development stages is a mature group, capable and willing to complete the tasks as defined by the organisation (Tuckman, 1965 Murray et al., 2006, Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). Arguably, if the team is not able, for whatever reason to complete the stages of group development, then the team will be ineffective (Murray et al., 2006). As a result, this has important implications for managers and team leading. Gro up processes and behaviour cannot be illogical from the pursuit of effective team working. Therefore, leaders and managers must develop and turned on(p) awareness of the influence of the psychological group on the overall performance of the team (Steijn, 2001 Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007)Factors which Threaten the Success of the TeamBuchanan and Hyczynski (2007) point out that teamwork of all kinds is fraught with tensions, conflicts, obstacles and problems. If these are not managed effectively, rather than surpassing the best members capabilities, the tot group output may actually equal less than the weakest members efforts (p.351). This is cognize as veto synergy. This can be caused by factors much(prenominal) as negative equity, whereby other members of the group underperform so the other soul thinks why should I?, shirking of responsibility, negative effort of group give back whereby everyone is rewarded the same regardless of effort and finally, problems of coordination , so people are obstructing others powerfulness to get on with a task (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 20007). Collectively, this phenomenon has come to be know as social loafing (Ingham et al., 1974).In addition to social loafing, problems of group think can have a negative impact on the performance of teams. Whilst the development of group norms and behaviour can be in effect(p) to the team, in its extreme form this can lead to the problem of group think (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). Group think occurs whereby members of the group fail to critically analyse, testing and evaluate problems, issues and challenges which face the group (Murray et al., 2006). This may be caused as a subconscious desire for members to avoid deviating from the prescribed norms of behaviour and group consensus (Buchanan and Hyczynski, 2007). However, this leads to ineffective team working, which is not beneficial to the organisation (West, 2004).Managers and team leaders lam a pivotal role in ensuring that t he problems of social loafing and group think does not occur. In addition managers should recognise team leaders who may advertently or inadvertently encourage the onset of negative synergy, social loafing and group think and take steps to background the impact of their ineffective team leadership.Impact of Technology on Team FunctioningTechnology plays an increasingly important role on the way in which teams function (Brooks, 2006). This is because organisations are change state increasingly distributed across geographical boundaries and across industries (Brooks, 2006, p.115). There are many different types of technologies that have emerged which facilitate the development of teamwork both in a virtual and non-virtual teamwork environment. The rise in computer mediated technology, which facilitates communication, planning and organisation, has broken down barriers and can contribute towards making the team more effective (West, 2004 Brooks, 2006). Virtual teams are becoming an increasingly common extension of traditional organisational structures. Brooks (2006) describes the process as the following virtual organisations, workplaces and teams are becoming increasingly common place. In a virtual team the members primary interaction is through roughly combination of electronic communications systems, which allows members of the team to cross time, space and pagan boundaries (Brooks, 2006, p.110).The type of technology which facilitates both physical and virtual teams includes the reduction in costs in recent years of portable PCs and consumer electronics and of communications devices. For example, laptops have seen a reduction in price and the majority of modern laptops come with in-built microphones, speakers and web cams for video conferencing. The cost of international calls has reduced and can even be made for free using VOIP (voice over internet protocol) technologies, such as Skype and Google Voice.ConclusionTeamwork is becoming increasingly importa nt in contemporary organisations, and as long as teams are formed, managed and implemented effectively, can support a source of competitive advantage in terms of increased employee satisfaction, creativity and innovation. However, if teams are assigned to inappropriate tasks, are managed ineffectively or not provided with adequate support, resources and autonomy to carry out their tasks then the effect of teamwork can be counterproductive. Teams are formal groups assigned by focal point that have shared goals. There is a difference between teams and groups groups can exist without teams but teams cannot exist without groups. Therefore, the impact of group behaviour and group dynamics will have a significant impact on the overall performance of the team. Therefore, management must be awareness of the nominal head of groups that create their own norms and personal goals, which may deviate from the objectives of the team. Therefore, teamwork can be is a complex management area, yet if carried out effectively, the results can be very rewarding.

Direct and iterative method

Direct and repetitious mannerINTRODUCTION TO turn to AND ITERATIVE orderMany important practical capers give rise to corpses of additive equations scripted as the matrix equationAx = c, where A is a presumptuousness n nnonsingular matrix and c is an n-dimensional vector theproblem is to rise up an n-dimensional vector x satisfying equation .Such musical arrangements of linear equations arise in the briny from discrete approximations of take upial divergential equations. To pass them, twain types of modes atomic number 18 unremarkably ingestiond purport regularitys and re repetitious regularitys.Directapproximate the re work onnt after a impermanent issuance of floating point operations.Since directr floating point operations foot only be shited to a attachedprecision, the computed solution is unremarkably different from the rent solution. When asquare matrix A is turgid and sparse, firmness of purpose Ax = c by direct rules puke be impractical,a nd iterative rules become a viable alternative.Iterative methods, establish on rending A into A = MN, compute successive approximationsx(t) to defy more than accurate solutions to a linear system at sever totallyy iterationstep t. This process can be written in the put to work of the matrix equationx(t) = Gx(t1) + g, where an n n matrix G = M1N is the iteration matrix. The iteration processis stopped when some predefined measuring stick is satisfied the obtained vector x(t) is anapproximation to the solution. Iterative methods of this form are called linear stationaryiterative methods of the first degree. The method is of the first degree because x(t) plays explicitly only on x(t1) and not on x(t2), . . . , x(0). The method is linearbecause uncomplete G nor g depends on x(t1), and it is stationary because neither G nor gdepends on t. In this book, we too consider linear stationary iterative methods of thesecond degree, represented by the matrix equationx(t) = Mx(t1) Nx(t 2) + h.HISTORY OF DIRECT AND ITERATIVE order Direct methods to solve linear systemsDirect methods for settlement the linear systems with the Gauss evacuation method is given byCarl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Thereafter the Choleski gives method for parallel positive definite matrices. Iterative methods for non-linear equations The Newton_Raphson method is an iterative method to solve nonlinear equations. The method is defined byIsaac Newton (1643-1727)andJoseph Raphson (1648-1715). Iterative methods for linear equations The metre iterative methods, which are used are the Gauss-Jacobi and the Gauss-Seidel method.Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)is a very far-famed mathematician sketching on abstract and applied mathematics.Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804-1851)is well known for voice for the Jacobian the determinant of the matrix of partial derivatives. He has also done work on iterative methods leading to the Gauss-Jacobi method.Another iterative method is the Chebyshev meth od. This method is based on orthogonal polynomials bearing the name ofPafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (1821-1894). The Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel method use a very simple polynomial to approximate the solution. In the Chebyshev method an optimal polynomial is used.DIRECT AND ITERATIVE METHODDirect methods compute the solution to a problem in a finite number of steps. These methods would give the precise answer if they were performed in immeasurable precision arithmetic. Examples holdGaussian reasoning by elimination, theQRfactorization method for solvingsystems of linear equations, and thesimplex methodoflinear programming.In contrast to direct methods,iterative methodsare not expected to terminate in a number of steps. Starting from an sign guess, iterative methods form successive approximations thatconvergeto the lead solution only in the limit. Aconvergence criterionis specified in order to square off when a sufficiently accurate solution has (hopefully) been found. Even using i nfinite precision arithmetic these methods would not reach the solution within a finite number of steps (in general). Examples includeNewtons method, thebisection method, andJacobi iteration. In computational matrix algebra, iterative methods are generally needed for large problems.Iterative methods are more common than direct methods in numerical analysis. Some methods are direct in principle but are commonly used as though they were not, e.g.GMRESand theconjugate gradient method. For these methods the number of steps needed to obtain the diminutive solution is so large that an approximation is accepted in the equal manner as for an iterative method.In the case of asystem of linear equations, the two main classes of iterative methods are thestationary iterative methods, and the more generalKrylov sub officemethods. Stationary iterative methodsStationary iterative methods solve a linear system with anoperatorapproximating the master one and based on a measurement of the error (t he residual), form acorrection equationfor which this process is repeated. While these methods are simple to derive, implement, and analyse, convergence is only guaranteed for a limited class of matrices. Examples of stationary iterative methods are theJacobi method,GaussSeidel methodand the concomitant over-relaxation method. Krylov subspace methods Krylov subspacemethods form anorthogonal basisof the era of successive matrix powers eras the initial residual (theKrylov sequence). The approximations to the solution are then formed by minimizing the residual over the subspace formed. The prototypical method is theconjugate gradient method(CG). Other methods are the generalized minimal residual method and the biconjugate gradient method physical exercise OF DIRECT METHODGAUSS ELIMINATION METHOD -Inlinear algebra,Gaussian eliminationmethod is an algorithmfor solvingsystems of linear equations, strippinging therankof amatrix, and calculating the inverse of aninvertible square matrix. Gaussian elimination is named after German mathematician and scientistCarl Friedrich Gauss.Elementary row operationsare used to reduce a matrix torow echelon form.GaussJordan elimination, an extension of this algorithm, reduces the matrix further toreduced row echelon form. Gaussian elimination alone is sufficient for many applications.EXAMPLESuppose that our goal is to find and describe the solution(s), if any, of the followingsystem of linear equationsThe algorithm is as follows eliminate x from all equations below L1 and then eliminate y from all equations below L2 .This testament form a triangular form.Using the back substitution Each unappreciated can be solved .In the example, x is eliminated from l2 by adding 3/2L1to L2. X is then eliminatedmfrom L3 by adding L1 to L3 The result isNowyis eliminated fromL3by adding 4L2toL3The result isThis result is a system of linear equations in triangular form, and so the first part of the algorithm is complete.The second part, back-subs titution, consists of solving for the unknowns in reverse order. It can be seen thatThen,zcan be substituted intoL2, which can then be solved to obtainNext,zandycan be substituted intoL1, which can be solved to obtainThe system is solved.Some systems cannot be reduced to triangular form, yet still have at least(prenominal) one valid solution for example, ifyhad not occurred inL2andL3after the first step above, the algorithm would be unable to reduce the system to triangular form. However, it would still have reduced the system toechelon form. In this case, the system does not have a unique solution, as it contains at least onefree variable. The solution set can then be expressed parametrically .In practice, one does not usually deal with the systems in terms of equations but instead makes use of theaugmented matrix(which is also suitable for computer manipulations). The Gaussian Elimination algorithm applied to theaugmented matrixof the system above, beginning withwhich, at the en d of the first part of the algorithm That is, it is inrow echelon form.At the end of the algorithm, if theGaussJordan eliminationis appliedThat is, it is inreduced row echelon form, or row canonical form.EXAMPLE OF ITERATIVE METHOD OF firmness of purposeA. JACOB METHOD -The Jacobi method is a method of solving amatrix equationon a matrix that has no zeros along its main aslope (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 1997, p.892). Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value taken in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of theJacobi transformationmethod ofmatrix diagonalization.The Jacobi method is easily derived by examining each of the equations in thelinear system of equationsAx=b in isolation. If, in theith equation solve for the value ofwhile assuming the other entries ofremain fixed. This gives which is the Jacobi method.In this method, the order in which the equations are examined is irrelevant, since the Jacobi me thod treats them independently. The definition of the Jacobi method can be expressed withmatricesasB. Stationary Iterative MethodsIterative methods that can be expressed in the simple formWhere neighter B nor c depend upon the iterative count k) are called stationary iterative method. The four main stationary iterative method the Jacobi method, the Gauss Seidel method ,Successive Overrelaxation method and the symmetric Successive Overrelaxation method C. The Gauss-Seidel MethodWe are considering an iterative solution to the linear systemwhere is ansparse matrix,xandbare vectors of lengthn, and we are solving forx. Iterative solvers are an alternative to direct methods that tackle to calculate an exact solution to the system of equations. Iterative methods attempt to find a solution to the system of linear equations by repeatedly solving the linear system using approximations to the vector. Iterations continue until the solution is within a predetermined acceptable bound on the err or.Iterative methods for general matrices include the Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel, while conjugate gradient methods exist for positive definite matrices. habituate of iterative methods is the convergence of the technique. Gauss-Jacobi uses all values from the previous iteration, while Gauss-Seidel requires that the most(prenominal) recent values be used in calculations. The Gauss-Seidel method has transgress convergence than the Gauss-Jacobi method, although for dense matrices, the Gauss-Seidel method is sequential. The convergence of the iterative method moldiness be examined for the application along with algorithm performance to ensure that a useful solution to can be found.The Gauss-Seidel method can be written aswhere is theunknown in during theiteration,and, is the initial guess for theunknown in, is the coefficient ofin therow andcolumn, is thevalue in.or whereK(k)is theiterative solution to is the initial guess atxDis the diagonal ofALis the of strictly lower triangular peck ofAUis the of strictly upper triangular portion ofAbis right-hand-side vector.EXAMPLE.101x2+ 23= 6,x1+ 112x3+ 34= 25,21x2+ 103x4= 11,32x3+ 84= 15. Solving forx1,x2,x3andx4givesx1=x2/ 10 x3/ 5 + 3 / 5,x2=x1/ 11 +x3/ 11 34/ 11 + 25 / 11,x3= x1/ 5 +x2/ 10 +x4/ 10 11 / 10,x4= 32/ 8 +x3/ 8 + 15 / 8Suppose we choose(0,0,0,0)as the initial approximation, then the first approximate solution is given byx1= 3 / 5 = 0.6,x2= (3 / 5) / 11 + 25 / 11 = 3 / 55 + 25 / 11 = 2.3272,x3= (3 / 5) / 5 + (2.3272) / 10 11 / 10 = 3 / 25 + 0.23272 1.1 = 0.9873,x4= 3(2.3272) / 8 + ( 0.9873) / 8 + 15 / 8 = 0.8789.x1x2x3x40.62.32727 0.9872730.8788641.030182.03694 1.014460.9843411.006592.00356 1.002530.9983511.000862.0003 1.000310.99985The exact solution of the system is (1,2,-1,1)APPLICATION OF DIRECT AND ITERATIVE METHOD OF SOLUTIONFRACTIONAL SPLITING METHOD OF FIRST ORDER FOR LINEAR EQUATION early we describe the simplest operator-splitting, which is calledsequential operator-splitting, for t he following linear system of ordinary differential equations(3.1)where the initial condition is. The operatorsand are linear and bounded operators in a Banach spaceThe sequential operator-splitting method is introduced as a method that solves two subproblems sequentially, where the different subproblems are connected via the initial conditions. This means that we replace the original problem with the subproblemswhere the splitting time-step is defined as. The approximated solution is.The replacement of the original problem with the subproblems usually results in an error, calledsplitting error. The splitting error of the sequential operator-splitting method can be derived as whereis the commutator ofAandB The splitting error iswhen the operatorsA andB do not commute, otherwise the method is exact. Hence the sequential operator-splitting is called thefirst-order splitting method.THE ITERATIVE SPLITINGThe following algorithm is based on the iteration with fixed splitting discretizati on step-size. On the time intervalwe solve the following subproblems consecutively for(4.1)where is the known split approximation at the time level.We can generalize the iterative splitting method to a multi-iterative splitting method by introducing new splitting operators, for example, spatial operators. Then we obtain multi-indices to control the splitting process each iterative splitting method can be solved independently, while connecting with further steps to the multi-splitting method

The Reintroduction of the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone Essay -- Environmen

The Reintroduction of the Gray Wolf to Yellowst peerless Gauss Law states that no both organisms can occupy the same ecological ceding back without excluding the different, but what happens when slice gets involved with nature and tries to introduce a species where it doesnt belong which in turn provides a second organism to fill the same niche as the first? The results of human intervention have often been inglorious for the organism that were supposedly helping. Humans often times do not understand the complexity of the implications that are caused directly through our intervention. In 1974, the gray beast was listed on the Endangered Species List, and in an effort to reconstruct their populations, wolves were re-introduced into Yellowstone National Park, affecting Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho (Wyoming Wolf Management Plan, 2003). Between 1995 and 1996 thirty one wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone and thirty five wolves into central Idaho. The wolf numbers exploded , leaving these western sandwich states with the problem of what to do with these wolves to prevent them from exceeding their carrying capacity and where to go from here.The wolf is the largest member of the dog family Canidae, making it a real pest if it goes unchecked in agricultural systems. The wolf is one of the most efficient and sound predators in this region, preying on large ungulates elk, deer, big horn sheep, moose, and even bison and oxen however they will eat small mammals if there is no other food source available. Prior to 2002 estimates of the loss of livestock due to wolves were 19 cattle and 68 sheep, however in 2002, 33 cattle, 71 sheep and 1 dog were confirmed killed by wolves (Wyoming Wolf Management Plan, 2003). These kills are significant... ...88. Wyoming farinaceous and Fish discussion section. (2003) Wyoming Grey Wolf Management Plan. Wyoming peppy and Fish Department and Office of the Governor. (2005) Wyoming Delisting Petition. Internet Source Links US Fish and Wildlife functionhttp//www.fws.gov/ Wyoming Game and Fishhttp//gf.state.wy.us/ Montana Game and Fishhttp//fwp.state.mt.us/hunting/default.html Idaho Game and Fishhttp//fishandgame.idaho.gov/ United States Department of Agriculturehttp//www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome Casper Star Tribunehttp//www.casperstartribune.net/ Wyoming stemma Journalhttp//www.wlj.net/ Biodiversityhttp//www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/ Wolf Updateshttp//www.searchingwolf.com/current.htm Wyoming Livestock Rounduphttp//www.wylr.net/

The Korean War Essay -- essays research papers

The Korean WarFor hundreds of years Korea was dominated by the Chinese empire. After japan was defeated by the allies in WW II., Korea became occupied by the Russians in the northwest and the Americans in the due south. Both the U.S. and the Soviets realized that Korea was a strategic country. It was crucial to occupy because it lay between China, Japan, and the Soviet Union. North and South Korea were change integrity by the 38th parallel, it split the country into two regions. Russia and America became politically involved in Korea, each set up strong governments. The joined States wanted Korea to be held to a lower place democratic rule, while the Soviets wanted commie rule. They took these conflicting views to the United Nations (UN), which had just been set up to prevent another(prenominal) world war and help with international elections. The UN decided that both sides of Korea should incur their own elections. The elections were held on January 12, 1948. North Korea fav oured communism, the people elected the Russians and Kim Il Sung, a former guerrilla leader. South Korea favoured democracy and formed the Republic of Korea under U.S. educated, Dr. Sygman Rhee. The Soviets left a communist dictatorship with a well-trained, well armed, North Korean-Soviet army. In fear of the North Koreans newly developed strength, the U.S. left South Korea with some small arms and military advisors.The Korean War dates from June 1950 to July 1953. The war started on June 25 1950, when a Northern Korean(-Soviet) arm...

The Extra Value Meal :: Creative Writing Essays

Aaron lit a Basic brand cigarette as emir pulled his beat up 1976 snotgreen Chevy Nova into the crowded put lot of the McDonalds on Route 1 inSaugus, Massachusetts. He eternally seemed to do this to himself lightingcigarettes when hed just have to snipe them out on the bottom of his tatteredarmy boot. He put his pointer find to his head and pantomimed shootinghimself. ameer glanced at him uneasily, then scanned the lot for an rotate space.Aaron drew hard on his cigarette, filling his lungs with as much tidy sumas possible. He needed to get as much nicotine as time allowed. He shut hiseyes, flicked his tongue against his sterling silver backtalk ring, spinning it inthe hole. It hurt a little. Probably fuckin infected, Aaron chuckled,thinking of the dark he pierced it himself, using only a heated up safety pinand a bottle of Smirnov vodka for a pain killer. ameer pulled into a handicap spot. You cant park here, Aaron said.Sure I can, Amir replied. Aaron analyze the face of the BosnianImmigrant. Amir had fought for two courses in the war against the Serbs. Hisface was remarkably pleasant, although his eyes looked as if they belonged to aforty year doddery man and not a seventeen year old boy. His tan skin and widesmile seemed out of place when virtuoso took in Amirs mohawk and torn black t-shirt.Its a handicap spot.Exactly, Amir said with a smirk. I got you in my car, and youre aretard.Fuck you, Aaron said, Ill resound you Sylvester Stallone style.Amir burst into hysterical laughter. You watch too much television.Aaron shrugged and soft exhaled through with(predicate) his nose, decorated with asilver hoop ring through his septum (also self-pinned). He caught sight ofhimself in the rearview mirror. He felt cold.His eyes were alert, intimately piercing. Around those fiery, stabbing eyeswere lines of sadness, although he was also only seventeen. His haircloth wasbleached blonde and messy --Johnny Rotten messy. His face was long and thin, aresult of m any days of not eating, either because he had no money for food orbecause he simply forgot to eat. He was menacing, with his facial nerve piercings andangry eyes, but there was something about his mouth, a kind of gratuitous smirkthat gave hint of something real within his hard, rough punk leaning shell.Amir got out of the car slowly, stretching out his arms. Aaron caughtglimpse of something false and almost ancient in Amirs eyes. He got out, too,

The Influence and Role of Current U.S. Foreign Policy in Modern Italy E

The Influence and Role of Current U.S. Foreign insurance policy in Modern Italy Since the beginning of the European Union, Europe has attempted to tend forward as one unit in order to grapple with the coupled States and to be a strong force around the globe. In a statement made by the Washington ambassadors of the present and acceding members to the European Union in May 2004, they stated, Europe now, for the first time in modern history, is a partnership sharing common values and a commitment to harmony and coop date of referencetion. The dream of European integration, shared by the fall in States, is now being realized, leaving behind us the wasteful era of wars, hostility, and inequalities. We are on the road to a Europe enjoying a wholeness and influence without precedent in its long history. (http//www.italyemb.org/JointEditorial.htm). Italy was one of the founding members of the European Union, which began in 1950, and any policies that are made by the United States that affects the European Union affects Italy as well. Many of the policies that are made by the United States have far reaching effects in many a(prenominal) countries involving many different areas. Since there are too many policies and effects to handle here, certain important ones made in the past few age that affect the European Union and Italy will be highlighted.Hydrogen creator One main agenda put forth by hot seat Bush in his recent State of the Union Address was the sentiment to accelerate the development of hydrogen energy technologies in order to meliorate energy, economic, and environmental security. On August 5, 2003, U.S. Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham announced that Italy would espouse forces with the United States and other countries in the International... ...ng U.S. foreign policy and decisions made by the U.S. regarding their foreign policy in Italy will continue to affect the blood between these two countries.?Bibliography1) ?A ?Greate r Union? for Europe.? 16 Apr. 2003. 13 Dec. 2003. .2) ?Italy Joins International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy, August 5, 2003.? 5 Aug. 2003. 14 Dec. 2003 .3) ?Italy U.S. IPR bilaterally symmetrical Declaration.? 17 Jun. 2003. 14 Dec. 2003 .4)? ?Port of Genoa Implements Container Security Initiative.? 16 June 2003. 15 Dec. 2003 .5) Sembler, Mel. ? victuals Safety and Trade Issues.? 18 Feb. 2003. 14 Dec. 2003 .

Preventing Teenage Smoking Essay example -- essays research papers

Today, there has been an increase in the amount of teenagers who smoke half a pack a day of cigarettes. The payoff of seniors in towering school who have tried cigarettes has decreased over the years, but the number of those who smoke occasionally or half a pack or more a day, has increased. There are many factors as to wherefore teenagers smoke including advertising and teen behavior. There are also a few ways we can stop teenagers from wanting to smoke. Therefore, we invite to fuddle teens aware that smoking is not good for you and it is not cool and we need to figure come out of the closet why teens think it is cool. We need to find out why teens smoke and how we can make the stop and how we can stay fresh new teens from starting to smoke.Advertising and marketing of cigarettes are a self-aggrandizing factor as to why teenagers smoke. There are promotions for different brands wish Joe Camal and Marlboro Man. Theyre some of the biggest marketing campaigns on T.V. Both companies have giveaways uniform T-shirts in return for coupons accumulated by buying their brand of cigarettes. antithetical cigarette companies make the...

King Lear Essay -- essays research papers

The Islamic EmpiresIn early newfangled history, there were trine major Islamic empires that became prominent. The Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughals. We will descuss the organic evolution of these empires by listing their similarities and differences, and their political, social and cultural backgrounds. Next, we will get into the three empires find of power and alike give a discription of some of the cracking leaders of these empires and their legacy.All of these Islamic Empires had Turkish ruling dynasties. The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals came from nomadic, Turkish-speaking peoples of the central Asia who conquered the settled agricultural lands of Anatolia, Persia and India. All of these dynasties retained political and cultural traditions that their ancestors had adopted succession leading their nomadic pull rounds, but, they to a fault adapted readily to the city-based agricultyural societies that they conquered. All of these empires also embraced Islam and derived its cultural guidance from Islamic values. Each empire expanded its territory under authority of their enceinte leaders, such as Mehmed the Conqueror for the Ottomans, Shah Abbas the swell for the Safavids and the reigh of Aurangzeb of the Muhgal empire. In these empires, the prestige and authority of the dynasty derived from personal piety and military readiness of the formula and his ancestors.The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman Bey, founder of the dynasty that continued in unbroken succession from 1289 to 1923. the motives of Osman and his followers were to become ghazi, or Muslim religious fightriors. The Ghazi,(as the poet Ahmadi describes) is the instrument of religion of Allah, the sword of God, the protector and refuge of the believers. It was believed that if to have died for the catch of your religion, you should not believe that the person is dead, but that he will live in beatitude with Allah and he has eternal life. The Ottomans waged a holy war which enabled them to expand their territory to the Anatolian city of Bursa, which became the capital of Ottoman principality. Under the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453 and in turn lead to more Ottoman expansion. Mehmed presented himself as a true emperor and not just a warrior. He was ruler of two lands, Europe ... ...aged the elaboration of syncretic religion called the devine assurance that focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all the religious, ethnic and social groups of India. The Mughal empire reached its greatest purpose under Aurangzeb. During his long reign from 1659 to 1707, he waged a relentless driving to push Mughal authority deep into southern India. Mughal came to rule the entire subcontinent barely for a small region at the southern tip.These are descriptions of the major empires that became prominent, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavids and the Mughals. We have gone over some of the similarities a nd differences of the three empires and also discussed the development of these empires and their social and political backgrounds. We have seen a glimpse of the great leaders that ruled these empires such as Mehmed the Conqueror, Shah Ismail and Shah Abbas for the Safavids, and Babur and Akbar for the Mughals. These empires created the boundary for Islamic organisation through the 1500s and beyond. They should be recognized as a stepping play off in the Islamic voyage which has definitely laid an impact on the society and societies before ours.

William Staffords Traveling Through the Dark Essay -- Stafford Travel

Profound Meaning in William Staffords rifleling Through the disgracefulThe power of the poet is non only to convey an everyday facet into a literary portrait of words, exclusively also to interweave this scene into an vestigial subject field. The only tool the poet has to wield is the word. Through a careful arrangement and selection of words, the poet can hopefully make his point clear, but not blatantly obvious. Common themes of poems are keep, death, or the conflicting forces thereto. This theme could neer possibly be overused because of the endless and limitless ways of portraying life or death through the use of different words. In William Staffords Traveling Through the Dark, there are conflicting themes between take and death, man and nature, and ultimately creation and destruction. It would take several years for a fully grown doe to develop, but it would only take a a few(prenominal) seconds for that doe to be killed. Using the tools of the poet, Stafford vividl y illustrates a scene in which man has completely destroyed and felt no sorrow for a product of nature. This disrespect would only lead the driver to travel through the moral darkness of insensitivity and desecration towards nature. There it lay. A dead doe in middle of the all toldey. The previous driver patently had not thought twice after hitting the deer and had no sincerity towards nature nor the decency to at least move the carcass by the narrow road. The deer lay in the road, unburied, uncared for, unmourned, and untended. Ironically, if the carcass had remained on the road, it magnate have meant the taking of the life of another driver as Stafford give tongue to in line 4 that road is narrow to swerve ability make more dead. The tone of this poem is one of sadness, but also blata... ...le impact of a car, lasting no longer than a few seconds. With few moral decisions made, the only road that lies as a result, is the road to death and ultimate degradation of societ y and nature both. In Staffords poem, it was only the trade of the narrator to roll the carcass off the road and into the river, this duty fulfilled was only provoked by the lack of duty of another. Through the use of several poetic techniques, Stafford describes in a few words what would take somebody hundreds of words to describe. The brutal and harsh theme of his poem is supported by vivid images and symbols, which spotlight the situation at hand. By applying a common situation like an incidence of road-kill to all of human-kinds view towards nature, Stafford finished with a simple situation with a ambiguous meaning.Work CitedStafford, William. Traveling through the Dark

are expeaectation about childs development related to different cultures? :: essays research papers

Parental expectations of their electric shaverrens development can be influenced bymany factors. factors like media, family beliefs, personal experience. Expectations come from several sources- from parents, t each(prenominal)ers, family, peers and ourselves. All these factors relate to complaisant and culture beliefs. Piaget stressed the vastness of the surround in childrens consideringm seeing children as active builders of their own knowledge. The social constructive perspective on child development places main emphasis on the importance of the social environment on child development. Lev Vygotskys findings showed that children had a great deal to learn from each other through interaction and communication. Unlike piaget, Vygotsky thought that childrems ability should not be judged only on what they can do alone, but on what they are capable of with help. So the child may be provided with a more challenging and stimulating environment. Constructivist propose that children hav e qualitatively distinct ways of thinking, feeling and behaving at different stages of development. Whiting and Edwards ( 1992) discuss the importance of cultural values and their influence on what is perceived as stamp down social behaviour.Hess et al.(1980) carried out cross-culturalstudy into the expectations of American and Japanese mothers about their childrens development. He initiation a developmental expectation procedure to study mothers expectations. The study produced nigh interesting dara into the cultural differences in the two groups expectations.It showed that the Japanese mothers expectations for early motion fell into categories of compliance, independence and emotional maturity. In contrast the American mothers pass judgment social skills and verbal assertiveness to be ascertained at a younger age. Whiting and Edwards (1992) discussed the importance of cultural values and their influence on what is seen as an appropriate social behaviour. they explain differe nt expectations of childrens development in various cultures and why different cultures expect different things of their children. For example in a more complex participation literacy would seen as the most consequential skills to learn. Whereas in a simple society it is likely that children will learn the physical world. It can be said that cultural needs of society strongly influence parents expectations of their own childrens development.