Affirmative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

affirmatory Action - Essay ExampleThe phrase affirmative action was introduced by Executive Order 10925. EO 10925 was issued by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961, which urged employers to actively adopt policies and safeguards against discriminatory practices in their workplace. Four years after, EO 11246 do it mandatory for federal contractors and subcontractors to (1) identify underutilized minorities, (2) assess availability of minorities, and if available, (3) to set goals and timetables to fill vacancies with minorities with the aim of reducing such underutilization. In 1967, EO 11375 extended the benefits of AA to women. The further expansion of the application of AA was made possible by the U.S. Supreme butterfly when it promulgated the Bakke decision. In this case the Court was asked to rule whether or non it was unconstitutional for universities to give taste sensation for blacks and minorities in admitting applicants for placement, because it violated the doctrin e of equal protections of the laws. The Court ruled that racial preferences are permissible if their consumption is to improve racial diversity among students, and if they do not stipulate fixed minority quotas but spend a penny race into account as one factor among many (Dworkin, 79). Today, AA is more(prenominal) widely observed, but as employment prospects and knowledgeal placements become more competitive, more people are raising questions about the propriety and fairness of AA. In defense of affirmative action According to the study by Bowen & Bok (cited by Dworkin, 79), the conquest of racial integration is attributable to AA in education, because it has enabled a higher rate of graduation among African American students, which led to more African American leaders in industry, professionals, community leaders, and subsequently a more sustained interaction and lasting friendships among the races than would have been otherwise expected. The benefits of AA are not in themsel ves the moral ground the argument is that where for past centuries racial minorities have been constrained to live in conditions of extreme social and frugal disadvantage, it is but right that AA provide for them now an advantage over the majority to make up for the wayward conditions they have been subjected to. The implications are more than merely symbolic, and the effects referred to are more than just economic. Present-day descendants of slaves and people of color start life from a position of disadvantage in institutionalized rules of order as a result of the limitations imposed on their ancestors. This is known as the stigma theory (Soni, 581). Parents denied an education because of their race will provide little inspiration for their children to conceive of and aspire for such education. The moral dogma that all people are created equal, to be applied with effect, refers to enabling individuals be perceived and regarded the respect of equals. AA not only provides repara tion for the past, but more pragmatically speeds up the slow process of transforming social perception. An African American, or woman, or a person with a disability, are persons who, in aspiring for the opportunities provided by the equivalence clause, struggle under the weight of social perception which, while not discriminatory per se, tends to manifest in subtle ways of stereotyping that renders the equality superficial. In this manner, AA provides an active catalyst to accelerate the social transformation to accredited equality. Critique of affirmative action Detractors of AA point out that the policy has been implemented by positive and offensive action